Parasites: Mites, Ticks, Fleas, Fur Mites, and Lice

Parasites in General
Many rabbit owners are unaware that most parasites are commonly present on a large number of rabbits. However, a healthy immune system typically prevents them from spreading, keeping the rabbits symptom-free. When the immune system is weakened, it often leads to mild to severe outbreaks that require urgent treatment.

Causes of a Parasite Infestation

As mentioned above, mites and other parasites are often omnipresent. Mites, for example, can be found in hay, straw, and even on rabbits themselves. In healthy rabbits, these parasites are present in very small numbers, and the rabbit shows no signs of illness such as itching, dandruff, or hair loss. However, if the immune system is weakened, the parasites can multiply, leading to the appearance of symptoms.

It is sometimes observed that after treatment, or once the medication is metabolized (after approximately 14 days), a reinfestation occurs. While the parasites may have been killed during treatment, they can re-establish themselves once the effect of the medication wears off. If the rabbit’s immune system remains compromised, symptoms are likely to reappear.

Rabbits infested with parasites often have (hidden) underlying conditions that weaken their immune system. Therefore, they should be thoroughly examined, including X-rays, blood tests, and a careful general health check.

The following factors can weaken the immune system and promote an infestation:

  • Stress: Stress caused by bonding attempts, disharmonious groups, moving to a new environment, constant heat cycles or false pregnancies, frequent handling, poor interactions with rabbits, limited space, or lack of hiding places.
  • Rabbits living alone: Rabbits are social animals, and isolation cause stress, which weakens the immune system and increases susceptibility to parasites.
  • Other untreated/chronic illnesses: These can weaken the immune system and make rabbits more susceptible.
  • Poor hygiene: Inadequate cleanliness allows mites to multiply excessively.
  • Nutritional deficiencies or improper diet: This can impair the immune system’s ability to function properly.
  • Heavily infested hay or straw: Mites in hay or straw, combined with other factors, can increase the likelihood of an infestation. Switching to a different type of hay or straw may help.
  • Contact with contaminated grass or clippings: Especially in the case of autumn grass mites, exposure to infested areas can lead to an outbreak.

Cleaning the Environment

In addition to treatment, it is essential to renew all bedding, clean the floors, replace hay and straw, and thoroughly clean the enclosure on the day of treatment to remove as many parasites from the environment as possible. The use of diatomaceous earth can help treat the surroundings (see below for more details). In cases of infestation with bird mites or rat mites, environmental cleaning is crucial and should be carried out with great care.

Treating All Animals?

Parasites are naturally contagious and can spread to other group members. However, for a rabbit to become symptomatic, it must have a weakened immune system. In well-maintained environments, typically only individual rabbits in the group will fall ill. If an entire group or multiple rabbits in the group become sick, the living conditions should be urgently reviewed (see „Causes of an Infestation“).

In principle, only symptomatic rabbits are treated. Healthy rabbits living with infested ones do not require treatment. An exception may be made for immunocompromised rabbits, where preventive treatment might be advisable in some cases.

Mites

Autumn grass mites in the ears appear as small red spots.

Which types of mites infest rabbits and how do they manifest?

  • Predatory mites (Cheyletiella parasitivorax): Symptoms include dandruff, bald patches, clumps of loose fur, and rarely itching. Later stages may show signs of restlessness, weight loss, and overall deterioration.
  • Fur mites (Leporacus gibbus or Listrophorus gibbus): Symptoms include dandruff, hair loss, rashes, and sometimes itching.
  • Burrowing mites (Sarcoptes): Intense itching, hair loss, areas with bloody scratches and crusts (especially on the nose and back). In later stages, weight loss, poor general health, and secondary infections may occur.
  • Autumn grass mites (Trombicula autumnalis): Symptoms include rashes, occasional itching, and hair loss.
  • Hair follicle mites (Demodex cuniculi): Hair loss (especially on the neck and head) and skin crusts.
  • Bird mites (Dermanyssus) and rat mites (Ornithonyssus bacoti): Itching, restlessness (especially in the evening and at night).

Diagnosis and Treatment

Mites are the most common parasites in rabbits, and an infestation is typically first noticed through poor fur and skin abnormalities. For example, large, thick flakes of dandruff can be observed sticking to the fur. Even when the fur is pulled out, the flakes remain attached to the hair (see photo), and often hair loss occurs as well. Rabbits rarely show signs of itching with mite infestations, though itching can often be triggered by a veterinarian.

An experienced veterinarian can often diagnose a mite infestation based on the clinical signs alone, without needing further diagnostic methods. For a more accurate diagnosis, a tape test and skin scraping are required. However, false negatives are possible with such tests, meaning no infestation is detected despite its presence. Dandruff can also be caused by fungal infections.

For mild infestations, which are characterized by dandruff and possibly mild itching, treatment with diatomaceous earth mite powder can be tried without veterinary guidance. However, if the rabbit shows severe itching, bald spots, scabs, or other signs of a serious infestation, a veterinary visit is essential. Often, an underlying condition may be present, such as a fungal infection, metabolic disorders, thymoma, or hormonal imbalances.

In the case of a severe infestation, additional treatments may be needed (e.g., wound care, treating secondary infections, or addressing other underlying health issues). If diatomaceous earth does not result in noticeable improvement, a veterinary visit is necessary, as it may indicate a different underlying condition. The dandruff will typically remain in the fur unless it is combed out.

Consider this: Even though mites can be found in hay and the environment, they only infest weakened or sick animals with (invisible) underlying serious health conditions, or in rare cases, animals that are under extreme stress (such as bonding attempts, dominance struggles, or living alone). Therefore, such animals should be thoroughly examined (blood tests, X-rays, detailed general examination) to identify the underlying condition.

Diatomaceous Earth (Silicon Dioxide) for Mite Control

Diatomaceous earth, derived from fossilized diatoms, is a pure natural substance that is highly effective against surface-dwelling mites of all types, fleas, lice, hair lice, and other insects. Unlike many medications, it works purely mechanically, which means no resistance can develop. Its mechanical action is reliable: the silicate dust clings to the insects, particularly in the joint areas. The fine, sharp-edged particles damage the insects‘ waxy protective layer through an abrasive effect. This causes microscopic wounds in the wax coating, leading to the loss of bodily fluids, which results in the pests dying from dehydration within a few hours. Unlike many other natural products (such as tea tree oil), diatomaceous earth is highly effective and, when used correctly, completely safe. It is available online (e.g., Amazon) or in drugstores as a dietary supplement (silica powder). It must be finely ground to be effective, as many powders sold in drugstores have the wrong grain size. Therefore, a specific product designed for mite control is recommended.

Application:

Diatomaceous earth is only effective when the environment is completely dry, so it is essential to ensure the surroundings are absolutely dry during application (frequent cleaning, covering the enclosure, avoiding exposure to rain, temporarily moving the rabbit indoors in high humidity, and ensuring the rabbit’s fur is dry). Since it works very quickly, maintaining dryness for just one or two days is enough. Only small amounts of diatomaceous earth are required to treat a mite infestation successfully. Using larger amounts is unnecessary and should be avoided, as excessive dust can strain the respiratory system. Apply a small amount to a paper towel, dip the towel into the powder, and gently rub it into the rabbit’s fur (even against the grain). Repeat this process until the entire coat is treated. With completely dry hands, you can also distribute the diatomaceous earth over the entire rabbit by gently stroking it (with and against the grain). Avoid the head area, but if the infestation is there, take care not to get diatomaceous earth in the eyes or nose. For preventive measures, treating only the environment is usually enough, without needing to treat the rabbit itself. If the rabbit is infested, both the rabbit and its environment may need to be treated. However, the environment must be completely dry (not damp or wet) for diatomaceous earth to work. When treating the environment, apply the diatomaceous earth sparingly. The rabbit should only be returned to the environment once the dusting process is complete. Protective goggles and a dust mask should be worn during application to avoid inhaling the dust and to protect the eyes. For severe infestations, a follow-up treatment should be applied after 10 days, and possibly repeated once or twice more.

Predatory Mites
For severe infestations, a visit to the veterinarian is essential. The veterinarian can determine whether it is truly a mite infestation or another condition. Mite species that live under the skin, for example, are not affected by diatomaceous earth. In the case of a severe infestation, secondary infections and other pre-existing conditions must also be treated, and scabbed areas may need antibiotic care. In some cases, treatment for itching and pain relief may also be necessary to prevent further scratching and reduce the rabbit’s discomfort.

Veterinarians typically use the following medications depending on the type of mites:

  • Selamectin (e.g., Stronghold® 15–30 mg/kg, equivalent to 0.25–0.5 ml/kg): Spot-on treatment applied to the back of the neck. A follow-up treatment is usually required as not all parasitic stages are killed. After application, make sure that other animals do not lick the Stronghold off!
  • Ivermectin (Ivomec® 0.3–0.5 mg/kg, available in various strengths): Injectable solution or applied as a spot-on treatment for the neck. When using the spot-on form, ensure that other animals do not lick it off during grooming. Three applications are required, spaced 7-10 days apart.
  • Imidacloprid/Moxidectin (Advocate® 0.1 ml/kg)
  • Doramectin (e.g., Dectomax® 0.5 mg/kg)
  • Fluralaner (Bravecto®) – This is the preferred treatment for Sarcoptes mites, as many other treatments do not work effectively due to extensive resistance.

Bath additives are not really effective for treating mites. Bathing rabbits causes significant stress, and they can also catch a cold afterward. The stress may even contribute to the mites reappearing once the effect of the medication wears off. There are less stressful and gentler treatment options available.

Bald spots in the toe area are typically caused by Sarcoptes mites.

Fipronil (e.g., Frontline) must never be used on rabbits!

Attention! Frontline (Fipronil) is completely unsuitable for rabbits and can lead to life-threatening conditions. It is not approved for use in rabbits because it can be fatal. Do not use mite medications meant for dogs and cats on your rabbit. These are potent neurotoxins, and incorrect application or dosage can cause irreparable damage!

Natural mite treatments are sometimes completely ineffective or even incompatible with rabbits. Some of these products have good effectiveness and are recommended for mild to moderate infestations. However, diatomaceous earth (see above) offers the highest effectiveness and safety for rabbits.

M

Mite treatment Before – After

Ticks on Rabbits

We frequently receive inquiries regarding tick infestations. First, it’s important to know that while ticks can be annoying for rabbits, they are usually not dangerous. Unlike other mammals, there have been no known cases of ticks transmitting diseases to rabbits. However, in certain areas, a transmission of diseases like tularemia is possible. Whether rabbits can contract Lyme disease (Borrelia) remains controversial. At least, Lyme disease does not play a significant role among rabbit diseases.

Rabbits are typically infested by very small, dark ticks (hard ticks; Ixodes ricinus and other Ixodidae). These ticks attach themselves only to areas with thin, sparsely haired skin, such as the eyelids, nose, ear base, and genital area. If there is a single tick or just a few ticks, it is usually sufficient to simply remove them.

Tick Removal for Rabbits
According to current knowledge, ticks should be removed as quickly as possible. The sooner they are removed, the less likely it is that Lyme disease will develop.
You should never apply anything like oil, glue, or vinegar to the tick. The tick should be grasped as close to the skin as possible and gently pulled away, with steady pressure (often, the tick will release on its own after a short wait). The best tool for this is a tick card. Make sure not to crush the tick while removing it. If the tick’s head remains in the skin, this does not lead to Lyme disease or other diseases, as often incorrectly stated. Simply removing the body is enough to kill the tick and prevent disease transmission. However, the remaining head may cause local inflammation.

If rabbits are heavily infested and are constantly getting ticks, you should consult with a veterinarian about tick-repellent treatments that can help reduce the burden of ticks on the rabbit.

  • Permethrin (e.g., ExSpot® 0.1-0.3ml) may cause skin irritation at the application site in rare cases.
  • Permethrin & Imidacloprid (e.g., Advantix®), available over the counter, can be applied at a dose of 10-30mg/kg every two weeks to the neck, applied to the skin (part the fur). A 40mg spot-on is suitable for rabbits weighing between 1.3 to 4kg. Alternatively, for higher concentrations, 0.1ml/kg can be used. Some rabbits may experience mild skin reactions (hair loss, irritation).
  • Selamectin and Sarolaner (e.g., Stronghold Plus©)
  • or a combination of Imidacloprid and Moxidectin (e.g., Advocate©) are also options for treating ticks and mites.
  • Important: Never use Frontline on rabbits, as it can lead to life-threatening conditions in these animals.

If the infestation level does not require strong medication, various preventive measures against ticks can still be tried. The Inuzid Spray has proven effective.

Coconut oil and black cumin oil have tick-repellent properties but need to be reapplied more frequently on tick-prone areas (such as the eye region, nose, and ear base). They can make the fur greasy, and effective amounts are often lost due to the oily coat and constant reapplication, making this method less practical for everyday use.

Tick rolls in the garden have worked well for many owners, helping to solve the tick problem. Additionally, a dry environment can help prevent tick infestations, as ticks prefer moist environments. Simply changing the grazing area can often make a significant difference. Ticks are commonly found at the edges of forests, in parks, or in the woods.

Lice, Fleas, and Biting Lice

Biting lice, fleas, and lice are relatively rare in rabbits.

Biting lice are characterized by itching, hair loss, and small bloody or scabbed areas on the skin. The lice themselves are often visible as very small, elongated black or white creatures.

In the case of fleas, diagnosis is often easy with the naked eye. Fleas may be seen jumping, or small black spots (flea feces) can be found in the fur. Flea infestations often lead to frequent scratching and restlessness.

Lice present symptoms similar to mites: severe itching, restlessness, rash, small scabs, and hair loss.

Treatment

  • To treat these pests, diatomaceous earth (see above) can be used externally, especially for environmental treatment, where it works very well.
  • For more severe infestations, it is necessary to additionally treat with a spot-on treatment or injection (e.g., Advantage®, Advantix®, ExSpot®, Stronghold®, Ivomec®).
    Advantix® is available over the counter. Apply 10-30mg/kg every two weeks to the back of the neck (part the fur) for spot-on treatment. A 40mg spot-on is suitable for rabbits weighing between 1.3 to 4 kg. Alternatively, a higher concentration spot-on of 0.1ml/kg can be applied. Some rabbits may experience mild skin reactions (hair loss, irritation), so avoid applying too much in one spot.
  • Program (Lufenuron, for oral administration) and Capstar (Nitenpyram, minimum 1mg/kg, oral, lasts only 1 day) are also proven options.
  • A natural alternative could be Inuzid Spray or Ixotan®.
  • Flea allergies can be treated with Resilium®.
  • For flea infestations, an environmental treatment is essential (diatomaceous earth, see above).

Sources, including:

Beck, W., & Pantchev, N. (2012): Praktische Parasitologie bei Heimtieren: Kleinsäuger-Vögel-Reptilien-Bienen. Schlütersche.

Ewringmann, A. (20016): Leitsymptome beim Kaninchen: diagnostischer Leitfaden und Therapie. Georg Thieme Verlag.

Kraft, W., Emmerich, I. U., & Hein, J. (2012): Dosierungsvorschläge für Arzneimittel bei Kleinnagern, Kaninchen und Frettchen. Schattauer Verlag.