Ear Mites, Ear Mange (Psoroptes cuniculi)
An ear mite infestation (Psoroptes cuniculi) typically starts deep in the ear canal. If it can be seen from above in the outer ear flap with a trained eye, it indicates a moderate infestation. Early signs include scratching at the ear, head shaking, and (often circular) scabbed areas and wounds in the ear. It is soon noticeable, especially in some lop-eared rabbits, that the ear is not standing upright, but the top of the ear is slightly bent. As the condition progresses, the ear becomes increasingly scabbed (starting from the deeper areas). Scratching and mite bites cause inflammation, and scabs and crusts begin to appear. The rabbit scratches more frequently and shakes its head; the crusts increase and may even spread outside the ear. In extreme cases, the ear can become filled with discharge. Larger rabbit breeds are particularly susceptible to ear mange. Head tilt and balance problems can also indicate an ear infection caused by ear mites, in addition to E. cuniculi and other diseases. Ear mange often leads to secondary infections, such as ear inflammation. Sometimes, the tip of the affected ear can be bent, as shown in the photo of one ear (in this case, the ear has healed, but it remains slightly bent).
Diagnosis
Based on the clinical presentation, it is usually quite evident that it is ear mange. To confirm this suspicion, a skin scraping under the microscope or an examination with an otoscope can be performed.
Treatment
Eradication of the mites (see mite treatment), such as with Ivomec®, Bravecto®, or Stronghold®, is essential; without killing the mites, the ear mites will quickly return! The treatment needs to be repeated multiple times to sustainably combat the ear mites. To prevent future infestations, it is often necessary to treat the partner animals as well.
Additionally, a local treatment may be required, though this can sometimes be avoided in cases of very mild infestations. There are various local treatments and ear cleaning products available, and the veterinarian will select one and explain how to use it. For more information, refer to ear infections.
In many cases, it is necessary to carefully remove the large scabs in the ear, especially if the ear canal is blocked. In cases of severe infestation, antibiotics and painkillers may also be prescribed.
After treatment, just as with mite infestations, the environment must be thoroughly cleaned.
Ear mites can lead to (chronic) inflammation of the ear canal. For treatment, refer to ear infections. In some cases, X-rays or a CT scan may be necessary, as the inflammation can spread to the middle ear!
Warning! Frontline (Fipronil) is completely unsuitable for rabbits. It can lead to life-threatening conditions, as it is not approved for use in this species and can be fatal. Do not apply mite medications that you may have for dogs and cats at home without proper guidance. These are powerful neurotoxins, and incorrect application or dosage can cause irreversible damage!
A large rabbit with ear mange and external ear infection.
After 2 weeks of treatment, it is completely healed.
Sources include:
Sheinberg, G., Romero, C., Heredia, R., Capulin, M., Yarto, E., & Carpio, J. (2017): Use of oral fluralaner for the treatment of Psoroptes cuniculi in 15 naturally infested rabbits. Veterinary dermatology, 28(4), 393-e91.
